ABSTRACT
Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome [PCOS] is linked with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, characteristics that are linked to the level of leptin and leptin receptors. This study was planned to estimate serum leptin levels in adolescent girls with PCOS and its relation with endocrine and anthropometric parameters
Methods: Fifty [50] girls with PCOS, aged 16-20 years, and 60 age- matched normal subjects were included in the study. Study duration was from Jun 2014 to Dec 2016. Patients were taken from Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore. Normal subjects [controls] were students of Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore. Serum levels of Fasting blood sugar, leptin, testosterone, and serum insulin were estimated. Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance [HOMA-IR] was used to calculate insulin resistance. Body mass index [BMI] was calculated using the standard formula
Results: Mean age of adolescent girls with PCOS was 19+/-2.8 years. BMJ of PCOS patients was increased non-significantly compared to normal subjects. Fasting blood sugar and serum testosterone level was non-significantly decreased in PCOS patients compared to normal subjects. Level of serum insulin was significantly increased in patients compared to normal subjects. On the other hand, serum leptin level was increased in patients as compared to normal subjects. A weak correlation between leptin hormone, serum insulin and insulin resistance was observed. Significant positive correlation was observed between BMT of PCOS women and their leptin hormone
Conclusion: In adolescent girls, increased leptin level showed a significant correlation with BMI, whereas its correlation with endocrine parameter was weak
ABSTRACT
Laboratory exercises are intended to illustrate concepts and add an active learning component to courses. Since 1980s, there has been a decline in animal laboratories in medical physiology courses. Other cost-effective non-animal alternatives are being sought. The present study was designed to find out the students' opinion regarding the animal versus computer lab and whether innovative teaching methodologies helped students achieve their goals. Opinions of 481 female medical students of 2[nd] and 3[rd] year MBBS were included in the study. A questionnaire based on animal/computer based experiments and new teaching methodologies in physiology was voluntarily filled in by the students. Majority of students immensely benefited from both the animal lab and other teaching methodologies. Although computer based learning is considered effective in helping students acquire basic concepts, there is evidence that some students acquire a more thorough understanding of the material through more advanced and challenging experience of an animal laboratory. The fact that such labs as well various teaching methods offer distinct educational advantages should be taken into account when courses are designed
ABSTRACT
In Abbottabad district, with the vast poverty stricken rural majority and 80% literacy rate, primary-level education faces great influx of students. This study was carried out to see the nutritional status of children 5-10 years of age attending primary schools of Abbottabad. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out in June 2009 on 400 schoolchildren of 5-10 years of age from three randomly selected primary schools of Abbottabad. After informed consent by the parents/ teachers, a semi-structured Performa/questionnaire was filled for each child. Anthropometric measurements were recorded. Correlation of age of the child with height, and weight was calculated. The nutritional status of the study children was particularly optimum; 90% children were in optimal nutritional status and had sound skeletal growth irrespective of their socioeconomic background. There was a significant correlation of nutritional status and skeletal growth of children with parents' socioeconomic status. There was a direct correlation between height and weight of children, and their age. Anthropometric measurements indicate a high majority of children in healthy status despite the overall poor setup
ABSTRACT
Tubular damage as suggested by tubular proteinuria is a recognised feature of glomerulonephritis. The objectives of the study were to compare the level of alpha-microglobulin in normal and diabetic patients, and also to find out whether the level of alpha-1 microglobulin could become a laboratory marker for tubulo-interstitial damage in diabetic nephropathy. Twenty-nine registered Type II diabetic patients of either sex were studied. The patients' age ranged from 41-50 years who were admitted in the medical ward, and those who visited the outdoor department of Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore were included in the study. The duration of study was one year from June 2006 to June 2007. Ten normal subjects with no history of diabetes were taken as controls. Blood samples and 24 hour urine samples of patients of all groups were collected. The levels of urinary protein and blood sugar were estimated by auto analyser. Proteinuria positive urinary samples were analysed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The level of alpha-1 urinary protein was significantly increased in the group of diabetic patients as compared to the urinary protein level of normal subjects. Blood sugar level was also significantly increased in patients as compared to controls. Level of low molecular weight protein alpha-1 microglobulin showed an electrophoresis band of 28 Kda with an average volume of 6741.88 in the urine sample of patients. On the other hand, a very light, hardly recognizable band was observed in normal subjects. Urinary alpha-1 microglobulin provides a noninvasive and inexpensive diagnostic alternative for the diagnosis and monitoring of urinary tract disorders, i.e., early detection of tubular disorders of diabetic nephropathy. We propose that SDSPAGE electrophoresis is a comparatively inexpensive diagnostic approach to detect this marker in the urine sample
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Alpha-Globulins , Biomarkers , Proteinuria , Glomerulonephritis/diagnosis , Kidney Tubules , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetes ComplicationsABSTRACT
Tuberculosis [TB] is a major cause of pleural effusion, which in TB usually has lymphocytic and exudative characteristics. The analysis adenosine deaminase [ADA] activity is a very useful diagnostic approach to achieve a more rapid and precise diagnosis in the cases of pulmonary TB. Fifty male and fifty female patients presenting with tuberculous pleural effusion were included in the study. The patients were taken from the medical ward of Sir Ganga Ram Hospital. Activity of adenosine deaminase [ADA] was estimated by the technique of Sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis [SDS-EF] using 10% polyacrylamide gel. There is an increased level of enzyme ADA in pleural fluid of tuberculous patients as compared to normal subjects. Estimation of ADA activity may provide the basis for the rapid and efficient diagnosis of pleural TB in different clinical settings. However study should be carried out on large number of patients to reach a better conclusion